In humans, infertility is the inability to become pregnant after one year of intercourse without contraception involving a male and female partner. There are many causes of infertility, including some that medical intervention can treat.Estimates from 1997 suggest that worldwide about five percent of all heterosexual couples have an unresolved problem with infertility.

Vaginal hysterectomy is a surgical procedure to remove the uterus through the vagina. During a vaginal hysterectomy, the surgeon detaches the uterus from the ovaries, fallopian tubes and upper vagina, as well as from the blood vessels and connective tissue that support it, before removing the uterus.

Myomectomy (my-o-MEK-tuh-me) is a surgical procedure to remove uterine fibroids — also called leiomyomas (lie-o-my-O-muhs). These common noncancerous growths appear in the uterus. Uterine fibroids usually develop during childbearing years, but they can occur at any age.

Cystoscopy is endoscopy of the urinary bladder via the urethra. It is carried out with a cystoscope.

Cystoscopy may be recommended for any of the following conditions:

• Blood in the urine (hematuria)
• Loss of bladder control (incontinence) or overactive bladder
• Unusual cells found in urine sample
• Need for a bladder catheter
• Painful urination, chronic pelvic pain, or interstitial cystitis
• Urinary blockage such as from prostate enlargement, stricture, or narrowing of the urinary tract
• Stone in the urinary tract
• Unusual growth, polyp, tumor, or cancer.

Hysteroscopic Polypectomy is a surgery performed to remove uterine polyps preserving the uterus. Uterine polyps are a non-cancerous overgrowth of cells in the inner wall or lining of the uterus.